SARS-CoV-2激活肺上皮細(xì)胞促炎癥信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)導(dǎo)致新冠肺炎患者免疫失調(diào)
這篇文章發(fā)表在期刊: Ebiomedicine。2021影響因子: 8.143(↑ 2.407)。2020影響因子: 5.736。中科院大類(lèi): 醫(yī)學(xué) 2區(qū)。中科院小類(lèi): 1區(qū) 醫(yī)學(xué):研究與實(shí)驗(yàn)。筆者認(rèn)為新冠病毒這一話(huà)題為最近的熱點(diǎn),而本篇文章利用了生信分析的方式,很好的展示了熱點(diǎn)話(huà)題,非常具有特色。很值得我們學(xué)習(xí)。
由SARS-CoV-2感染引發(fā)的2019年冠狀病毒病(新冠肺炎)暴發(fā)已成為全球性衛(wèi)生突發(fā)事件。SARS-CoV-2屬于冠狀病毒家族。SARS-CoV-2與表面表達(dá)的蛋白--血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶2(ACE2)結(jié)合,進(jìn)入與SARS-CoV相似的細(xì)胞。除了ACE2外,靶細(xì)胞上絲氨酸蛋白酶TMPRSS2的表達(dá)也是激活病毒刺突(S)蛋白以促進(jìn)病毒進(jìn)入所必需的。在這項(xiàng)研究中,作者綜合評(píng)估了19例受試者(6例新冠肺炎重癥患者,3例新冠肺炎輕度癥狀康復(fù)患者和10例健康獻(xiàn)血員)支氣管肺泡灌洗液中的單細(xì)胞測(cè)序數(shù)據(jù)。
目前還不清楚SARS-CoV-2感染是如何導(dǎo)致新冠肺炎患者肺部免疫反應(yīng)失調(diào)的。
在SARS-CoV-2感染的不同細(xì)胞類(lèi)型中, 檢測(cè)與SARS-CoV-2進(jìn)入細(xì)胞有關(guān)的基因ACE2和TMPRSS2,肺支氣管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)的單細(xì)胞RNA序列(scRNA-seq)數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自NCBI數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中3例輕度恢復(fù)者和6例重癥患者(GSE145926)以及10名健康獻(xiàn)血者(GSE151928)。無(wú)監(jiān)督聚類(lèi)分析鑒定出23個(gè)不同的細(xì)胞簇(Fig. 1A),包括上皮細(xì)胞(EPCAM+)和免疫細(xì)胞(PTPRC+)。ACE2和TMPRSS2主要在肺上皮細(xì)胞表達(dá)(Fig. 1B)。在肺上皮細(xì)胞中,ACE2和TMPRSS2陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞在棒狀細(xì)胞和纖毛細(xì)胞中所占比例較高,所以這些細(xì)胞可能是SARS-CoV-2感染的主要靶細(xì)胞(Fig. 1C)。值得注意的是,無(wú)論是重度還是輕度新冠肺炎患者的肺泡灌洗液樣本中,這兩種類(lèi)型的肺上皮細(xì)胞中ACE2或TMPRSS2陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞的百分比都顯著高于健康對(duì)照組(Fig. 1D)。與上述一致,新冠肺炎患者棒狀細(xì)胞和纖毛細(xì)胞中ACE2或TMPRSS2 mRNA的表達(dá)水平顯著高于健康對(duì)照組(Fig. 1E)。然而,考慮到本研究樣本量較小以及對(duì)這些患者的治療,新冠肺炎患者肺上皮細(xì)胞中ACE2和TMPRSS2的表達(dá)增加與SARS-CoV-2感染之間的相關(guān)性還需要進(jìn)一步深入的研究。
Fig. 1. High ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in lung epithelial cells from COVID-19 patients. (A) The t-SNE plot displayed the major cell types (epithelial, immune and others) in 23 clusters for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples from 6 severe (S) and 3 recovered mild COVID-19 patients (M), as well as 10 healthy controls (HC). (B) The t-SNE plot displayed RNA expression of ACE2 or TMPRSS2. Right panel shows ACE2 or TMPRSS2 expression in lung epithelial cells from different groups using violin plot. (C) Dot plot of ACE2 orTMPRSS2 expression for each cell-type of lung epithelial cells from different groups. Dot size represents the percentage of cells in individual clusters expressing a given gene. (D)The pie chart shows the percentages of ACE2- o r TMPRSS2- positive cells in club (cluster 14) and ciliated (cluster 15) cells. (E) Violin plot of expression values of ACE2 or TMPRSS2 in different cell types of lung epithelial cells from different group. (F) The top 5 enriched signaling pathways of up-regulated (red) or down-regulated (green) genes in lung epithelial cells after SARS-CoV-2 infection (severe vs. health). * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.
接下來(lái),作者研究了SARS-CoV-2感染后肺上皮細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)錄組改變。在棒狀細(xì)胞中,與健康對(duì)照組相比,重度新冠肺炎患者共檢測(cè)到107個(gè)上調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)錄本和65個(gè)下調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)錄本(校正≤p0.0 1和|log2Fold change(FC)|≥1)。另一方面,在纖毛細(xì)胞中檢測(cè)到SARS-CoV-2感染后162個(gè)上調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)錄本和138個(gè)下調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)錄本(校正≤p0.0 1和|log2Fold change(FC)|≥1)。(Fig. 1F)。另一方面,SARS-CoV2能夠抑制棒狀細(xì)胞中宿主蛋白的翻譯(Fig. 1F)。
此外,對(duì)輕癥和重癥新冠肺炎患者肺上皮細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)錄組的比較分析表明,與重癥患者相比,輕癥患者會(huì)誘導(dǎo)T細(xì)胞活化信號(hào),如MHCⅡ類(lèi)抗原提呈、CD3和TCR zeta鏈磷酸化,同時(shí)會(huì)抑制細(xì)胞因子信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。與健康對(duì)照組相比,重癥新冠肺炎患者肺上皮細(xì)胞中主要組織相容性復(fù)合體(MHC)Ⅱ類(lèi)基因,包括HLA-DR、HLA-DQ、HLA-DP和HLA-DM顯著降低。這可能部分解釋了T細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)失敗和患者預(yù)后差的原因。另一方面,在輕度恢復(fù)的COVID19患者中,MHCⅡ類(lèi)基因的表達(dá)恢復(fù)。
作者進(jìn)一步研究了SARS-CoV-2感染對(duì)免疫細(xì)胞命運(yùn)的影響。將非上皮細(xì)胞重新聚為22個(gè)亞群,并基于標(biāo)志物鑒定出不同的免疫細(xì)胞類(lèi)型。如圖Fig. 1B和Fig. 2A所示,新冠肺炎患者支氣管肺泡灌洗液中的免疫細(xì)胞幾乎不表達(dá)ACE2和TMPRSS2,提示免疫細(xì)胞對(duì)SARS-CoV-2感染可能不敏感。接下來(lái),作者研究了三個(gè)巨噬細(xì)胞亞群(第2、3和6群),兩個(gè)T&NK細(xì)胞亞群(第4和5群),以及一個(gè)中性粒細(xì)胞亞群(第0群),因?yàn)樗鼈儼俗銐虻募?xì)胞數(shù)量進(jìn)行分析。亞群特異性基因的過(guò)度表達(dá)分析顯示MHCⅡ類(lèi)抗原提呈信號(hào)在巨噬細(xì)胞_2和巨噬細(xì)胞_6中被激活;相反,巨噬細(xì)胞_3可以發(fā)揮補(bǔ)體效應(yīng)功能(Fig. 2B)。作者還利用SCIENIC研究了不同上皮細(xì)胞和免疫細(xì)胞亞型之間轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(TF)調(diào)節(jié)活性的差異,與特定細(xì)胞類(lèi)型相關(guān)的多種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(TF)表現(xiàn)出豐富的調(diào)節(jié)活性,包括巨噬細(xì)胞亞群中的TCF7L2,T和NK亞群中的GATA3和NFATC2。通過(guò)比較新冠肺炎患者和健康對(duì)照的不同免疫細(xì)胞群,作者發(fā)現(xiàn)SARS-CoV-2感染后肺部存在免疫應(yīng)答失調(diào)(Fig. 2C) 與健康對(duì)照組相比,新冠肺炎重癥患者中性粒細(xì)胞水平顯著升高,但在患者康復(fù)后,中性粒細(xì)胞水平恢復(fù)到正常水平(Fig. 2C)。雖然重癥新冠肺炎患者的巨噬細(xì)胞數(shù)量(第3和第6簇)明顯低于健康對(duì)照組,但在康復(fù)患者中它們已恢復(fù)(Fig. 2C)。同時(shí),與健康對(duì)照組相比,只有已經(jīng)康復(fù)的、輕癥的新冠肺炎患者才能誘導(dǎo)T/NK細(xì)胞(圖2C)。
然后,作者探索了新冠肺炎患者和健康對(duì)照組肺內(nèi)免疫細(xì)胞的差異基因表達(dá)譜。作者發(fā)現(xiàn)重癥新冠肺炎患者、輕度康復(fù)新冠肺炎患者和健康對(duì)照組中性粒細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞和T/NK細(xì)胞的基因表達(dá)譜存在差異(Fig. 2D)。在重癥新冠肺炎患者中,中性粒細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞和T/NK細(xì)胞(CCL2、CCL3、CCL3L1、CCL4和CCL4L2)以及中性粒細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞(CCL7和CXCL8)中的多種細(xì)胞因子均顯著升高(Fig. 2D)。SARS-CoV-2感染引起的免疫細(xì)胞功能紊亂所產(chǎn)生的這些細(xì)胞因子的高表達(dá)提示這些患者發(fā)生了細(xì)胞因子風(fēng)暴。值得注意的是,F(xiàn)ABP4在健康對(duì)照組和輕癥患者的巨噬細(xì)胞_2中高表達(dá),而重度新冠肺炎患者的巨噬細(xì)胞2中FABP4的表達(dá)水平較高。相比之下,重癥新冠肺炎患者的巨噬細(xì)胞(第2、3和6簇)中SPP1高表達(dá)。(Fig. 2D). 此外,在重癥新冠肺炎患者的巨噬細(xì)胞中,Marco的表達(dá)受到抑制,這意味著感染SARS-CoV-2后的肺泡巨噬細(xì)胞可能無(wú)法清除中和病毒(Fig. 2D)。
Fig. 2. SARS-CoV-2 infection induced imbalanced host immune response in severe COVID-19 patients. (A) Dot plot of ACE2 or TMPRSS2 expression for each cell-type of lung immune cells from different groups. Dot size represents the percentage of cells in individual clusters expressing a given gene. (B) Top 5 enriched signaling pathways of markers genes for macrophage (cluster 2, 3 and 6). (C) The percentages of different immune cell types of all CD45+ cells in BALF of severe (S), recovered mild COVID-19 patients (M), and healthy controls (HC). (D) Heatmaps of transcript level of candidate genes in different immune cell types. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.
接下來(lái),作者利用CellPhoneDB研究了基于不同上皮細(xì)胞和免疫細(xì)胞之間配體受體的肺內(nèi)細(xì)胞間交流信息。計(jì)算出顯著的細(xì)胞相互作用(P < 0.05)作者發(fā)現(xiàn),與健康對(duì)照組相比,新冠肺炎患者的棒狀-免疫細(xì)胞相互作用(Fig. 3A)顯著增加,但纖毛-免疫細(xì)胞相互作用(Fig. 3B)并未顯著增加。至于免疫-免疫細(xì)胞,輕癥患者的BALF樣本比重癥患者和健康供者的BALF樣本表現(xiàn)出更多的細(xì)胞相互作用(Fig. 3C)。為了了解這些相互作用是否與新冠肺炎的嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān),作者進(jìn)一步研究了上皮細(xì)胞和免疫細(xì)胞之間特定的細(xì)胞因子/受體相互作用。作者在重度新冠肺炎患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)了與巨噬細(xì)胞(或中性粒細(xì)胞)之間的ANXA1/FPR2和TNFSF13/TNFRSF1A相互作用,以及與T/NK細(xì)胞之間的CXCL2/DPP4相互作用,而在輕度患者和健康對(duì)照組中沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)。這表明肺上皮細(xì)胞和免疫細(xì)胞之間的細(xì)胞因子/受體相互作用與新冠肺炎感染的嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān)(Fig. 3D)。SARS-CoV-2可能通過(guò)DPP4進(jìn)入宿主細(xì)胞,并且抑制DPP4可能使患有新冠肺炎的糖尿病患者受益。此外,作者發(fā)現(xiàn)SARS-CoV-2感染誘導(dǎo)了C3/C3AR1和SAA1/FPR2在肺上皮細(xì)胞(棒狀和纖毛狀)與巨噬細(xì)胞(或中性粒細(xì)胞)之間的相互作用。重癥新冠肺炎患者巨噬細(xì)胞間ANXA1/FPR2相互作用缺失;在輕度患者中,巨噬細(xì)胞與T/NK細(xì)胞之間存在TNFSF13/TNFRSF1A相互作用,而在重癥患者和健康獻(xiàn)血者中未見(jiàn)(Fig. 3D)。作者進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證了SARS-CoV-2感染后肺上皮細(xì)胞ANXA1、C3、CXCL2、SAA1和TNFSF13的表達(dá)。結(jié)果表明,重癥新冠肺炎患者肺上皮細(xì)胞中ANXA1、C3和SAA1的表達(dá)均顯著高于正常對(duì)照組。SARS-CoV-2感染后肺上皮細(xì)胞中CXCL2的表達(dá)呈上升趨勢(shì),而TNFSF13的表達(dá)無(wú)明顯變化,作者的結(jié)果,提示SARS-CoV-2感染后,肺內(nèi)上皮細(xì)胞和免疫細(xì)胞之間形成了特異性網(wǎng)絡(luò),這可能與COVID19感染的嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān)。
Fig.3. SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in abnormal epithelial-immune cell interaction in lung. (A-C) We evaluated intercellular communications based on expression of ligand receptor pairs among different cell types by CellPhoneDB. Club-immune cells (A), ciliated-immune cells (B), and immune-immune communications (C) in severe (S, n=6),recovered mild (M, n=3) COVID-19 patients, and healthy controls (HC, n=10) were shown. Only significant interactions were calculated, and the number of interactions was depicted in violin plot, or normalized against those of healthy controls in heatmap. (C) Heat map depicting different ligand receptor interactions among different cell types. Interaction strengths are color coded. [One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey multiple comparisons (A-C)]. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; **** P < 0.0001.
總之,SARS-CoV-2感染可誘導(dǎo)高表達(dá)ACE2和TMPRSS2的肺上皮細(xì)胞(纖毛上皮細(xì)胞和桿狀上皮細(xì)胞)基因表達(dá)譜異常和促炎信號(hào)激活。此外,SARS-CoV-2感染導(dǎo)致肺部免疫反應(yīng)失調(diào),產(chǎn)生大量促炎因子,破壞上皮細(xì)胞和免疫細(xì)胞之間的相互作用。所有這些都加劇了新冠肺炎感染的嚴(yán)重性(Fig. 4)。
Fig. 4. SARS-CoV-2 infection and host immune response in COVID-19 patients. In COVID-19 patients, the SARS-CoV-2 may infect ciliated cells, club cells, and basal cells expressing ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in lung epithelium and actively replicate in host cells. This could lead to activation of pro-inflammatory signaling and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines which subsequently attract both innate and adaptive immune cells including neutrophils, macrophages and T cells to the infection site to fight virus and virus-infected cells. Besides, the immune cells also release cytokines to attract more immune cells, creating a positive feedback loop of cytokine creation. Massive accumulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines producing-immune cells in the lungs could increase the severity of COVID-19 patients.